Internal factors for HR planning Essay

The Lowbrow Movement in Art History

The Lowbrow Movement in Art History Lowbrow is a development - gradually picking up energy - that doesnt essentially care if The Art World remembers it in that capacity. What makes a difference to Lowbrow is that the greater part of us normal individuals do remember it. Any individual who has ever watched kid's shows, read Mad magazine, appreciated a John Waters film, expended an item with a corporate logo or had a comical inclination shouldnt make some hard memories getting settled with Lowbrow. Lowbrow-the-Movement has here been doled out an around of 1994, as that is the year that Lowbrow craftsman expert Robert Williams established Juxtapoz magazine. Juxtapoz features Lowbrow specialists and is right now the subsequent top of the line craftsmanship magazine in the U.S. (This appears to be a decent time to make reference to that Williams claims copyright on the word Lowbrow. As both pioneer and current grandee of the development, he is unquestionably entitled.) The foundations of Lowbrow, be that as it may, return a long time to Southern California speedsters (Kustom Kars) and surf culture. Ed (Big Daddy) Roth is as often as possible credited with getting Lowbrow, as a development, in progress by making Rat Fink in the late 1950s. During the 60s, Lowbrow (not known thusly, at that point) fanned out into underground Comix (indeed, that is the way it is spelled, in this specific circumstance) - especially Zap and crafted by R. Scrap, Victor Moscoso, S. Earth Wilson and the previously mentioned Williams. Throughout the years, Lowbrow has proudly gotten impacts from great kid's shows, 60s TV sitcoms, hallucinogenic (and some other kind of) exciting music, mash craftsmanship, delicate pornography, comic books, science fiction, B (or lower) thrillers, Japanese anime and dark velvet Elvis, among numerous other subcultural contributions. The Legitimacy of the Lowbrow Art Movement Indeed, The Art World appears to get the chance to choose these things. The reality of the situation will become obvious eventually. Its important, nonetheless, that The Art World didnt cotton to numerous developments when they originally rose. The Impressionists suffered long stretches of satirizing by craftsmanship pundits - a significant number of whom presumably went to their graves kicking themselves beat up for not accepting early Impressionist works. Comparable stories exist about Dada, Expressionism, Surrealism, Fauvism, the Indian River School, Realism, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood...aw, well master. Itd be simpler to list the occasions The Art World got in on the ground floor of a development, wouldnt it? On the off chance that the trial of time for authenticity (as an aesthetic development) implies that Lowbrow talks/talked, in visual terms, to the a huge number of us who share a typical social, representative language - though a lower or working class, media-driven language - at that point, truly, Lowbrow is digging in for the long haul. Anthropologists will presumably examine Lowbrow later on, to endeavor to make sense recently twentieth and mid 21st U.S. cultural impacts. Qualities of Lowbrow Art Lowbrow was conceived of underground or road culture. The absolute most basic strategy that Lowbrow craftsmen utilize is to make jokes about show. They know the standards of craftsmanship and intentionally decide not to comply with them. Lowbrow craftsmanship has a comical inclination. Some of the time the funniness is joyful, once in a while its wicked and once in a while its conceived of mocking remark, yet it is constantly present. Lowbrow draws vigorously on symbols of mainstream society, especially those now normally known as Retro. Last part Baby Boomers will remember them straight away​ except if said Boomers were brought up in a situation that denied outside impacts. Lowbrow, while it is characterizing itself, passes by various pseudonyms: underground, visionary, Neo-Pop, defiant and Kustom are nevertheless a few models. Moreover, John Seabrook has authored the expression Nobrow, and one has additionally observed the term Newbrow. For the present, most Lowbrow workmanship isnt endorsed by the basic/curatorial/exhibition going standard. The couple of special cases to this appear to happen principally in the more prominent Los Angeles zone, with a sprinkling of southern Florida presentations tossed in. Juxtapoz magazine is the best wagered for getting familiar with Lowbrow specialists. Lowbrow right now endures something of a character emergency, due to having a wide assortment of craftsmen lumped into it. For instance, the originator of a straightforward, kitschy decal might be concurred a similar Lowbrow assignment as the craftsman who creates an actually breathtaking Lowbrow work of art or science fiction mold. Ideally, this will get itself straightened out in years to come. In the mean time, you should start gathering Lowbrow now, for the sakes of your grandkids.

How to Earn Money Grow Your Brand with Webinars

How to Earn Money Grow Your Brand with Webinars Webinars have become increasingly popular as a marketing strategy in the past (few) year/s due to their appeal to prospective customers.Differentiation among similar entrepreneurial enterprises depends not only on the amount of attention which can be acquired or the level of expertise but also on the quality and quantity of customer engagement. With the rise of webinars â€" all of the stated can be achieved in the course of one hour of live (or recorded) broadcast. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article, we will introduce webinars and present a walkthrough of their organization and staging through sections 1) Introduction to Webinars and 2) Staging a Successful and Profitable Webinar. Lastly, we will discuss some ways in which 3) Generating Profit with Webinars can be achieved.INTRODUCTION TO WEBINARSWebinar is a blend word comprised out of words ‘web’ and ‘seminar’ and represents a lecture, presentation or a workshop transmitted online. Its key feature is the possibility of interaction between the presenter and the audience in real time and has a broad application specter ranging from business and education to medicine and media. They are mostly used for demonstrations of services and products, sharing information, news, and analytical data as well as for productive how-to presentations and as such attract large amounts of participants.This form of video conferencing has emerged in the 1990s as a consequence of increased tec hnology accessibility. The multi-point simultaneous communication on various geographical locations depends on video conferencing software that can be found online for free download. Additionally, presenters should have an audio interface and a video camera in order to ensure optimal interaction with their audience.Features of Webinar Software:Slideshow presentations so as to make following of the content easier and engaging.Web Tours easy access to online sources during the session through URL links or cookies.Sharing allowing participants to see the desktop of the presenter as it is at any given time.VoIP using headphones and speakers, presenters can communicate with attendees in real time.Live streaming using a video camera and an audio interface, presenters can deliver content to participants and receive feedback right away.Recording so as to enable later viewing and distribution to audience.Whiteboard sketching and marking notes for participants during the session.Survey s addressing questions with multiple answers to the participants and thus collect important information for the topic.STAGING A SUCCESSFUL AND PROFITABLE WEBINARIn this section, we will guide you through most important points in the journey of staging a successful webinar divided into three sub-categories: before, during and after the session. If you follow these notions you will get through your first webinar without too many setbacks find comfort in the fact that live streaming always comes with imperfection â€" it is a part of its charm.Before the EventChoose a Constructive TopicThe topic of your webinar must be chosen according to the niche that you are a part of and have relevance in reference to the product or services you offer. It should be within the area of interest of your target audience. Consult your customer support team and examine preferences of your circle of followers on social media and construct a topic that will both engage your customers and present your prod ucts and services as useful opportunities regarding the content.For example, if you are managing an enterprise that sells preparation materials for colleges, you can make a webinar session on how to structuralize and conduct the period of preparation and invite the future student to participate.Create a Compelling Registration PageIt is advisable to use a generic registration page if you are a beginner in webinar organization. You can also create a custom page but bear in mind that it must be simple and comprehensive. Present valuable information about your event â€" a compelling title, a short description of what will participants gain from the webinar as well references on hosts and presenters. Lastly, include a registration form through which your audience admissions to the event and gives you some information on themselves. The quantity of information depends on the form you choose â€" for a first time webinar organizer you might want to stick to the basics (as it gets complex, people tend to back out, especially if they are not familiar with the host). Your form should require first and last name of the participant and his/her e-mail address. Congratulations! Each of the prospects which enrolls has been micro converted to a lead.Use Webinar toolsFree Webinar Platforms:  If you want to minimize the cost of your webinar strategy, you can choose from free providers such as AnyMeeting, Google Hangouts, Big Blue Button and MeetingBurner. These platforms allow incorporation of various features (surveys, whiteboard, VoIP, streaming) at no cost regardless of the number of attendees.Customizable Webinar Platforms:  If you wish to use more of a custom conferencing software you can opt for iLinc, StageToWeb, PGi Better Meetings and a variety of other. They offer various educational and usage materials that can be useful in webinar organization and have free demo trials.Hit Webinar Platforms:  The most popular webinar platforms are GoToWebinar, Adobe Acrobat Connect Pro, Microsoft Office Live Meeting and Verizon Small Business Web Conferencing. The price ranges from 24$ to 100$ per month depending on the provider as well as on the intended number of attendees. Most of them, however, offer an up to 30 days free trial period that is a great opportunity to give the webinar strategy a try â€" no cost and all of the beneficial features.Promote your WebinarIt is advisable to find an expert in the niche of the webinar topic and agree to their participation in the event as a guest. It gives credibility and valuable insights for the audience. Try to avoid financial payment for such appearances and ensure them that they are promoted in the same manner as your products and services â€" through content.Use your all of your channels to spread a word of your webinar (Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, on your applications and websites as well as through mailing lists). Make sure you provide essential information while promoting and convince your prospects that the y can benefit from your event.Final preparationsAfter you have acquired a substantial amount of attendees, make sure you remind them via e-mail of the date and time of the webinar. Send preparative materials in forms of brief scripts if you find it necessary.Make sure your technology works properlyâ€" it will be found unprofessional if you fail to attend potential difficulties up front. It would be advisable to have a rehearsal for the functionality of the screen sharing software, broadcasting and the slideshow presentation with your presenter and a third party in the role of an attendee.The SessionTeam UpThe success of your webinar is dependent on the quality you present to your audience. In order to achieve optimal productivity of your event, you must distribute roles constructively. This means you will have to form a functional team that should include a:Host: The host is going to give an introduction to the topic and increase engagement with to-the-point questions in the course of the presentation as well as ensure proper flow of the webinar from the beginning to the end.Guest: Your guest should be an expert in the niche who will make an interesting and productive presentation on the chosen topic.Sidekick: Employ a sidekick to deal with incoming feedback and questions during the session. He/she will serve as a bridge between the presenter and attendees in the course of presentation (determine and ask important questions addressed by attendees).Manager: The manager of the webinar will overlook the process in whole as well as collect additional data and share it with the attendees immediately or in the follow-up.Time and Duration30 minutes prior to broadcast â€" test technology functionality;15 minutes prior to broadcast â€" start letting the attendees in;Start broadcasting on time;Presentation should go for 30-60 minutes.Key Elements for Interesting PresentationBuild content of your webinar concerning your audience’s preferences and present with passion. Presenters must engage their attendees with what they are speaking but also in the way they are speaking of a topic.Interesting Content:  Make a comprehensive storyline for your audience and include compelling examples of what you are presenting â€" they need to learn new things and understand them. Incorporate surveys in the course of the webinar where you will acquire further information on participants and broaden the specter within which you can properly address them.Multiple Slides:  Incorporating a slideshow for your content is one of the most useful tools for success. Jumping from one link to another will only confuse your participants whereas frequent slides will give a structure to the storyline as well as keep and enhance an attention of viewers. Bear in mind the golden rule of presentations: A small amount of concise but to-the-point bullet points and multiple interactive and relevant images to break the text and activate your audience.The FinishRecord the Webinar:  It is advisable to record the webinar because your attendees will probably want to get back to it at some point. It is also a great strategy for re-connecting with them after the session.Leave Time for Q/A:  Webinars are so successful precisely because of the two-way street type of communication it involves. Leave time for attendees to ask questions and clarify them because that way you are building a quality relationship and fulfilling the purpose of your session â€" showing expertise and being helpful is what will build trust of your potential customers.Call to Action:  Do not overwhelm your attendees with advertising but be clear in what you are offering them regarding the topic you have covered in the webinar. Remind them that they can expect a follow-up from you and point them to your other channels.The ‘Post-productionAfter you conclude the session, your main tool of continuing communication is the webinar recording. Fine-tune your recording, include additional data that was ment ioned in the course of it and convert the registration page into a landing page where participants can watch it.Send your audience a follow-up where you are informing them of the accessibility of the recording.GENERATING PROFIT WITH WEBINARSAfter we have determined the process that you have to undertake in order to stage a successful webinar, in this section we will tell you why!Webinars as Customer Engagement ToolsWebinars have become one of the favorite content marketing strategies because they are immediate tools of customer engagement. If you use your knowledge of the niche, examine your target audience you will be able to provide important information within an area of their interest. Essentially, you are offering something they need at no cost (because a prevailing number of webinars is free) and they do not have to move from the comfort of their home â€" it is as accessible as it gets. All they need to do is give you an hour of their day. If they decide to do so, you have alr eady reached the point of their conversion to leads â€" because they gave you information on how you can contact them (preferably their e-mail).If your session does not lack quality content, liveliness and involvement, you will acquire something priceless â€" the trust of your audience. Your attendees will learn something they wanted to learn and will additionally become aware of how your products and services can meet their needs.StatisticsStudies show that:more than 60% of attendees check vendor websites after participating in a webinar â€" increased traffic quantity of interested leads;58% share it to their circle of people â€" word of mouth marketing;34% follow through a purchase â€" conversion rates go up;70% of attendees register to vendor websites after they receive the follow-up e-mail which means they have positive attitude towards remaining in contact with you.Through all this increased traffic (whether it results in direct purchase or not) you are acquiring attention not only for the products or services that were related and advertised the webinar, but also for all of your endeavours and offers. As a consequence, webinars have influence in matters of speeding up the transition from prospects to leads as well as from leads to loyal and retentive customers â€" and that is the point of content marketing.Other Ways of Generating Profit With WebinarsOffer the same webinar to different target audiences.Post the webinar recording online and profit from the traffic it drives.Organize coaching webinars for matters within your niche which can last, for example, six weeks and charge a fee for participation. Some coaching webinars online cost from 299$ to 500$!Employ a joined venture webinar tactic where you will not have to do anything other than promote the webinar while someone else takes care of presentation (and you split income).Cross-promote your other channels in webinars and vice versa.Things to Avoid in WebinarsSolely advertisement (‘sales-y’) pr esentations;Lack of effort and/or authority in realization and content;Dullness of content and performance.One of the building blocks of the ‘new age’ marketing is quality. Sure you can offer mediocre products and be able to sell them. However, you can do it for a brief period of time before your customers see through you and turn to someone else â€" believe us, there is always someone else. Not to mention that it is not in the entrepreneurial spirit to cheat your way to profit. Your goal should always be longevity and broadness over time. Content marketing is what is being used with reference to these points in order to attract and maintain customers through engagement. The ‘cherry on top’ of the strategies employed nowadays is webinars. In addition to the excellent promotion platform that they are proving to be, they generate large amounts of profit â€" they speed up conversions, drive traffic and bring in new potential customers. Moreover, they can be either not too costl y or completely free to stage which means that the return on investment comes in the form of practically pure profit. All you are required to do is invest some time and, well, you are asking the same from your targeted audience â€" sounds like a fair deal to us, provide quality and receive revenue!

Battle of Fredericksburg in the Civil War

The Battle of Fredericksburg was was fought December 13, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and saw Union forces suffer a bloody defeat. Having grown angry with Major General George B. McClellans unwillingness to pursue General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia after the Battle of Antietam, President Abraham Lincoln relieved him on November 5, 1862, and replaced him with Major General Ambrose Burnside two days later. A West Point graduate, Burnside had achieved some success earlier in the war campaigning in North Carolina and leading IX Corps. A Reluctant Commander Despite this, Burnside had misgivings about his ability to lead the Army of the Potomac. He had twice declined the command citing that he was unqualified and lacked experience. Lincoln had first approached him following McClellans defeat on the Peninsula in July and made a similar offer following Major General John Popes defeat at Second Manassas in August. Asked again that fall, he only accepted when Lincoln told him that McClellan would be replaced regardless and that the alternative was Major General Joseph Hooker whom Burnside intensely disliked.      Burnsides Plan Reluctantly assuming command, Burnside was pressured to undertake offensive operations by Lincoln and Union General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck. Planning a late fall offensive, Burnside intended to move into Virginia and openly concentrate his army at Warrenton. From this position he would feint towards Culpeper Court House, Orange Court House, or Gordonsville before quickly marching southeast to Fredericksburg. Hoping to sidestep Lees army, Burnside planned to cross the Rappahannock River and advance on Richmond via the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad. Requiring speed and guile, Burnsides plan built upon some operations that McClellan had been contemplating at the time of his removal. The final plan was submitted to Halleck on November 9. Following a lengthy debate, it was approved by Lincoln five days later though the president was disappointed that the target was Richmond and not Lees army. Additionally, he cautioned that Burnside should move quickly as it was unlikely that Lee would hesitate to move against him. Moving out on November 15, the lead elements of the Army of the Potomac reached Falmouth, VA, opposite Fredericksburg, two days later having successfully stolen a march on Lee. Armies Commanders Union - Army of the Potomac Major General Ambrose E. Burnside100,007 men Confederates - Army of Northern Virginia General Robert E. Lee72,497 men Critical Delays This success was squandered when it was discovered that the pontoons needed to bridge the river had not arrived ahead of the army due to an administrative error. Major General Edwin V. Sumner, commanding the Right Grand Division (II Corps IX Corps), pressed Burnside for permission to ford the river to scatter the few Confederate defenders in Fredericksburg and occupy Maryes Heights west of the town. Burnside refused fearing that the fall rains would cause the river to rise and that Sumner would be cut off. Responding to Burnside, Lee initially anticipated having to make a stand behind the North Anna River to the south. This plan changed when he learned how slow Burnside was moving and he instead elected to march towards Fredericksburg. As the Union forces sat in Falmouth, Lieutenant General James Longstreets entire corps arrived by November 23 and began digging on the heights. While Longstreet established a commanding position,  Lt. General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons corps was en route from the Shenandoah Valley.   Opportunities Missed On November 25, the first pontoon bridges arrived, but Burnside refused to move, missing an opportunity to crush half of Lees army before the other half arrived. By the end of the month, when the remaining bridges arrived, Jacksons corps had reached Fredericksburg and assumed a position south of Longstreet. Finally, on December 11, Union engineers began building six pontoon bridges opposite Fredericksburg. Under fire from Confederate snipers, Burnside was forced to send landing parties across the river to clear out the town. Supported by artillery on Stafford Heights, the Union troops occupied Fredericksburg and looted the town. With the bridges completed, the bulk of Union forces began crossing the river and deploying for battle on December 11 and 12. Burnsides original plan for the battle called for the main attack to be executed to the south by Major General William B. Franklins Left Grand Division (I Corps VI Corps) against Jacksons position, with a smaller, supporting action against Maryes Heights. Held in the South Beginning at 8:30 AM on December 13, the assault was led by Major General George G. Meades division, supported by those of Brigadier Generals Abner Doubleday and John Gibbon. While initially hampered by heavy fog, the Union attack gained momentum around 10:00 AM when it was able to exploit a gap in Jacksons lines. Meades attack was eventually stopped by artillery fire, and around 1:30 PM a massive Confederate counterattack forced all three Union divisions to withdraw. To the north, the first assault on Maryes Heights had commenced at 11:00 AM and was led by the division of Major General William H. French. A Bloody Failure The approach to the heights required the attacking force to cross a 400-yard open plain which was divided by a drainage ditch. To cross the ditch, Union troops were forced to file in columns over two small bridges. As in the south, the fog prevented Union artillery on Stafford Heights from providing effective fire support. Moving forward, Frenchs men were repulsed with heavy casualties. Burnside repeated the attack with the divisions of Brigadier Generals Winfield Scott Hancock and Oliver O. Howard with the same results. With the battle going poorly on Franklins front, Burnside focused his attention on Maryes Heights. Reinforced by Major General George Picketts division, Longstreets position proved impenetrable. The attack was renewed at 3:30 PM when Brigadier General Charles Griffins division was sent forward and repulsed. Half an hour later, Brigadier General Andrew Humphreys  division charged with the same result. The battle concluded when Brigadier General George W. Gettys division attempted to attack the heights from the south with no success. All told, sixteen charges were made against the stone wall atop Maryes Heights, usually in brigade strength. Witnessing the carnage Gen. Lee commented, It is well that war is so terrible, or we should grow too fond of it. Aftermath One of the most one-sided battles of the Civil War, the Battle of Fredericksburg cost the Army of the Potomac 1,284 killed, 9,600 wounded, and 1,769 captured/missing. For the Confederates, casualties were 608 killed, 4,116 wounded, and 653 captured/missing. Of these only around 200 were suffered at Maryes Heights. As the battle ended, many Union troops, living and wounded, were forced to spend the freezing night of December 13/14 on the plain before the heights, pinned down by the Confederates. On the afternoon of the 14th, Burnside asked Lee for a truce to tend to his wounded which was granted. Having removed his men from the field, Burnside withdrew the army back across the river to Stafford Heights. The following month, Burnside strove to save his reputation by attempting to move north around Lees left flank. This plan bogged down when January rains reduced the roads to mud pits which prevented the army from moving. Dubbed the Mud March, the movement was cancelled. Burnside was replaced by Hooker on January 26, 1863.

How American Indians Have Adapted their Culture Since...

My essay will have an outlook of the history of the first Americans â€Å"Indians† and how they’ve adapted with their religion, subsistence strategy, social organization, and material culture. Over the years things have change in the history of Native Americans, prior to the reconstruction period, Native Americans knew who they were and what they lived for. Before the Europeans came and changed their living they one with nature and the land they’ve came to know. They believe that America was there’s and they lived free. In today’s history of Native Americans culture was founded in many ways, started in the mid 8200s B.C and before Christopher Columbus discovered America. Living in the Americas they were in touch with nature as well as their†¦show more content†¦Expansion was the cornerstone of their whole civilization, because their religion requested that a large number of human sacrifices where to be made. To get the sacrifices the Indian s went to war with other tribes to get these human sacrifices. With each conquest more sacrifices and more land was added to the Natives. The first Americans Also believed in Wakon,da a powerful god to them, whom they believed in, they believed that he created all things, made the land they also believed in life after death and immorality that made earthly life secure and pleasant; they expressed their feelings for nature as in peace and confidence. Different native religions evolved to match their needs and lifestyle Religious traditions of aboriginal people around the world tend to be heavily influenced by their methods of acquiring food, with great hunting skills or by agriculture. Native American spirituality is no exception. Traditional Wakon’da, spirituality is a form of religious belief that each thing, plant and animal has a spirit. The Native American spirituality has an inseparable connection between the spirituality and the culture. 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Defined simply as anyone who traces his/her ancestry back to pre-European colonization, there exist mass diversity within itsRead MoreGuns Germs and Steel Chapter Summary2530 Words   |  11 Pageswork in New Guinea.   His indigenous New Guinean politician friend Yali asked why whites had been so successful and arrived with so much cargo compared to the locals.   Diamond rephrases this question: why did white Eurasians dominate over other cultures by means of superior guns, population-destroying germs, steel, and food-producing capability?   Diamond’s main thesis is that this occurred not because of racial differe nces in intelligence, etc. but rather because of environmental differences.   He

Book Review The Shining Mountain free essay sample

The story is about a girl called Panama-la, who Is named after a Shining Mountain. She lives with her mom and dad in Scotland. The other kids often tease Panama-la, because of her name.. But her father tells her to be brave and never be ordinary. Panama-las father, who Is a famous mountaineer, trains her to climb the mountain she was named after. Her father puts her through a lot of stuff to get ready, and Panama is afraid of the pressure he puts on her.But Panama;la promised her father to be extraordinary, so she pulls herself together and vows never to disappoint her father. When they arrive at the mountain, some Sharpe men offers to help them. Her father arrogantly turns them down, and they in return, tell them that a mountain goddess will probably stop them before they reach the top. Ignoring the warning, they continue their Journey. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Review: The Shining Mountain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At first, Panama-la feels fresh, and nothing is bothering her, but soon she starts to eel weary.Out of nowhere, a Sharpe woman appears, and offers to help carry Panama-las backpack, but she refuses to be helped by the woman. The Sharpe woman appears again, and this time Panama-la accepts her offer. The fourth time, the Sharpe woman offers to take Panama-las heavy heart. By accepting this, she turns Panama-la Into a swan. The Sharpe woman, who Is actually a mountain goddess, confronts Panama;las father. Her father learns the truth, and feels ascribable because of it.He tries to take his own life, but the goddess wont let him. The goddess makes him realize, that the huge expectations he had for her, made Panama-la unhappy, and unsure of herself. He starts to cry, regretting that he put so much pressure on her. When the mountain goddess feels that the father has learned his lesson, she turns Panama-la back into a human. Panama-la and her father reunite, and they run down to the bottom of the mountain, together again. Book Review The Shining Mountain free essay sample The story is about a girl called Panama-la, who is named after a Shining Mountain. She lives with her mom and dad in Scotland. The other kids often tease Panama-la, because of her name.. But her father tells her to be brave and never be ordinary. Panama-las father, who is a famous mountaineer, trains her to climb the mountain she was named after. Her father puts her through a lot of stuff to get ready, and Panama is afraid of the pressure he puts on her.But Panama-la promised her father to be extraordinary, so she pulls herself together and vows never to disappoint her father. When they arrive at the mountain, some Sharpe men offers to help them. Her father arrogantly turns them down, and they in return, tell them that a mountain goddess will probably stop them before they reach the top. Ignoring the warning, they continue their journey. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Review: The Shining Mountain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At first, Panama-la feels fresh, and nothing is bothering her, but soon she starts to feel weary.Out of nowhere, a Sharpe woman appears, and offers to help carry Panama-las backpack, but she refuses to be helped by the woman. The Sharpe woman appears again, and this time Panama-la accepts her offer. The fourth time, the Sharpe woman offers to take Panama-las heavy heart. By accepting this, she turns Panama-la into a swan. The Sharpe woman, who is actually a mountain goddess, confronts Panama-las father. Her father learns the truth, and feels miserable because of it.He tries to take his own life, but the goddess wont let him. The goddess makes him realize, that the huge expectations he had for her, made Panama-la unhappy, and unsure of herself. He starts to cry, regretting that he put so much pressure on her. When the mountain goddess feels that the father has learned his lesson, she turns Panama back into a human.

Toolkits Used in Cybercrime

Mobile Devices Many organizations can access high-tech mobile devices today. This has improved the way they use internet in their operations. However, this has increased their vulnerability to internet crime. Mobile technology has enabled many organizations to carry out their activities via the devices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Toolkits Used in Cybercrime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The mobile content in many cases has led to loss of privacy and integrity for many organizations. In addition, organizations’ data and important information have leaked to the public. In order to be safe from these threats, the organizations should avoid installing new applications to their phones without verifying their legitimacy. Many of these applications in the market are designed by scammers with intention of corrupting the highly secured phones. Moreover, the organizations should use mobile phones that are se cured. iPhones are among the recommended mobile phones. This is because the risk can be mitigated. Toolkits and Why They Should Concern Organizations Toolkit is a means or channel through which cybercrime is committed. Cybercriminals use toolkits in different scenarios including malware attacks. In this case they infect search engines. Toolkits also help the cybercriminals by automating the processes such as web page creation. Examples of toolkits include XRumer, ZeuS and uMaxSoft Doorway Generator. Toolkit should be of concern to organizations because they can be used to produce keywords for sites. This poses a risk to the organizations whose data can be found on their sites. Toolkits are also used to spread spam. For example it has been used to spread it through twitter. Organizations should protect themselves by using the latest updates on their software. Avoiding providing information without verifying the source of request is another way to protect an organization from scams. I n addition the organizations should be on the look out to avoid responding to insecure emails, installing corrupted software and other malicious activities. Recently Reported Phishing Trends Type of phishing percentage Web attacks 93% Mobile devices 90% Credit cards 89% software 87% Figure 1:Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Phishing scams continue to take different dimensions. Web attacks increased in the year 2010 and 2011. Mobile phishing is also increasing with advancement in technology. Loss of finances through credit card has also been reported. This is because people are tricked into providing personal information that lead to loss of their money. Recognizing Phishing Scams In phishing email the greeting line is generic while in legitimate email, it is personalized. Tone can also be used. That is, they ask you to follow their instructions urgently failure to whi ch you will be responsible for the consequences thereafter. Always check the links and the URL’s. Their links and URL use tricks such as â€Å"@† symbol near the end of the address. The preceding character which is mostly ignored by the recipient give their actual address. Unlike legitimate mails, phishing emails may resemble websites. Phishing style of writing is not always formal. It includes spelling mistakes and poor grammar. This is to avoid spam filters. Regular use of pop-up boxes which is not common with legitimate companies is another way of recognizing phishing scams. You can also recognize a phishing scam if a company is claiming that you have an account with them and in the real sense you don’t have. Thing to Do When Victimized By a Phishing Scam Report the crime once you suspect that another person is using your identity without your consent. The law enforcement agency will investigate the issue. In case the phishing scam concerns financial accoun t, communicate with the financial institution as soon as possible. This will enable them to block any transaction hence protecting your money. Keep every record of transaction or information exchanged between you and the people phishing. This can be used as evidence and can also help trace them. To avoid the occurrence of the same, one can change passwords or block the account and reopen new one. This essay on Toolkits Used in Cybercrime was written and submitted by user Ka1lyn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Religious Wars

European History The Religious Wars (The attempts by Catholic monarchs to re-establish European religious unity and by both Catholic and Protestant monarchs to establish strong centralized states led to many wars among the European states. Spain’s attempt to keep religious and political unity within her empire led to a long war in the Netherlands, a war that pulled England over to the side of the Protestant Dutch. There was bitter civil war in France, which finally ended with the reign of Henry of Navarre and the Edict of Nantes in 1598. The Thirty Years War in Germany (1618-1648) had both religious and political roots, and left that area in political and economic ruins. â€Å"Une foi, un loi, un roi.†(one faith, one law, one king ). This traditional saying gives some indication of how the state, religion, and society were all bound up in people’s mind and experience. There was no distinction between public and private, between civic and personal. Religion had formed the basis for social consensus in Europe for a millennium. Since Clovis, the French monarchy in particular had closely tied itself to the church and the church sanctified it’s right to rule. France was â€Å"the first daughter of the church† and it’s king â€Å"The Most Christian King†, and no one could imagine life any other way. â€Å"One faith was viewed as essential to civil order. How else would society hold together? And without the right faith, pleasing to god who upholds the natural order, there was sure to be disaster. Heresy was treason and vice versa. Religious tolerance, which to us seems such a necessary virtue, was considered tantamount to letting drug dealers move next door and corrupt your children. A view for the cynical and world-weary who had forgotten god and no longer cared about the health of society. Innovation caused trouble. The way things wer... Free Essays on Religious Wars Free Essays on Religious Wars European History The Religious Wars (The attempts by Catholic monarchs to re-establish European religious unity and by both Catholic and Protestant monarchs to establish strong centralized states led to many wars among the European states. Spain’s attempt to keep religious and political unity within her empire led to a long war in the Netherlands, a war that pulled England over to the side of the Protestant Dutch. There was bitter civil war in France, which finally ended with the reign of Henry of Navarre and the Edict of Nantes in 1598. The Thirty Years War in Germany (1618-1648) had both religious and political roots, and left that area in political and economic ruins. â€Å"Une foi, un loi, un roi.†(one faith, one law, one king ). This traditional saying gives some indication of how the state, religion, and society were all bound up in people’s mind and experience. There was no distinction between public and private, between civic and personal. Religion had formed the basis for social consensus in Europe for a millennium. Since Clovis, the French monarchy in particular had closely tied itself to the church and the church sanctified it’s right to rule. France was â€Å"the first daughter of the church† and it’s king â€Å"The Most Christian King†, and no one could imagine life any other way. â€Å"One faith was viewed as essential to civil order. How else would society hold together? And without the right faith, pleasing to god who upholds the natural order, there was sure to be disaster. Heresy was treason and vice versa. Religious tolerance, which to us seems such a necessary virtue, was considered tantamount to letting drug dealers move next door and corrupt your children. A view for the cynical and world-weary who had forgotten god and no longer cared about the health of society. Innovation caused trouble. The way things wer...

To coin a word or drop a clanger, that is the question - Emphasis

To coin a word or drop a clanger, that is the question To coin a word or drop a clanger, that is the question On misusing or fumbling a word, is it better to hold your hands up to it or to compare yourself to the worlds greatest playwright? For Sarah Palin, apparently, the answer was easy. Her use of the entirely made up refudiate was no error; indeed, inventing it was akin to something Shakespeare himself would have done (oh, when will the comparisons between those two end?). Last Sunday, in response to proposed plans to build a mosque at Ground Zero in New York, Palin begged peaceful Muslims, please refudiate in a Tweet. While the message was later deleted, she eventually followed it up with one declaring, Shakespeare liked to coin new words too. Got to celebrate it! Of course, this new word, judged by those with dictionaries to be an accidental combination of refute (meaning to prove to be false) and repudiate (to reject as having no authority), still wouldnt quite work in this context, if at all. More appropriately, perhaps, Palin also aligned herself with George Malaprop Bush, the misunderestimated president who was mindful not only of preserving executive powers for [him]self, but for predecessors as well. The English language always has and always will grow and change. But the question now is: should we all refudiate words entering the language out of sheer unwillingness to admit we got it wrong?

Criminal Identification Procedures Research Paper

Criminal Identification Procedures - Research Paper Example As DNA is considered to be the building blocks of humans, the advancement of the study of this material, would be unquestionably beneficial, with advantages experienced as a result. The advantages would abound for this in the industry of forensic science, with the ability to utilize DNA evidence as a means of being able to more accurately pinpoint the source of the material that they would have gathered from a crime scene. In terms of crime control, according to the  Maryland Governors Office of Crime Control & Prevention  (2008), â€Å"Every State in the nation has a statutory provision for the establishment of a DNA database that allows for the collection of DNA profiles from offenders convicted of certain crimes,† (para. 1). As it would come to crime control, the advances seen in the form of an organized system put into place for the maintaining of DNA information, would serve the cause of fighting crime to a greater degree. According to the  Maryland Governors Office of Crime Control & Prevention  (2008), â€Å"As of 2007, 5,372,773 total offender profiles in CODIS have aided over 62,000 investigations. Almost 50,000 total offender hits have occurred and of those hits over 80% were at the State level,† (para. 5). While considerable progress would have undoubtedly come from the presence of DNA information and the data system created to store it for review by other states, with additional case files added, all crimes would need to be

Lu Xun by Zhou Shuren Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lu Xun by Zhou Shuren - Essay Example Even Mao Zedong, a well-known and highly respected Chinese political leader, claimed that he himself is a lifelong aficionado of the works of Lu Xun. Although Lu Xun was compassionate to the ideals of the Communist, surprisingly, he never joined the Chinese Communist Party. In several works of Lu Xun, he contrasted the hypocrisy of upper-class scholars and elites, with the suffering of the lower-class people. But the uncomplicated interpretation of his stories often neglected their uncertainty and metaphysical levels. His works that deeply influenced modern Chinese fiction are Na Han (Call to Arms) of 1923, Pang Huang (Wandering) of 1926, and Gu shi xin bian (Old Tales Retold) of 1935. His essays are often satirical in his societal remarks and with his mastery of the vernacular language; his expertise with tone, which does not always project an easy thought, make his works even harder to translate. He produced harsh condemnation of China's social problems, particularly in his analysis of the ideal Chinese national. Lu Xun had all the qualifications of a good polemicist; simply means a writer who argues in disagreement or opposition to others. One of major of works of Lu Xun is the "Wild Grass" or "Ye Cao" which is a collection of prose poems which was written in 1924 and 1926. It is a pessimistic and gruesome set of poems that is a product of dreams including nightmares. A caption that would portray his seemingly negative attitude is read as follows: "As subterranean fire is spreading, raging underground. Once the molten lava beaks through the earth's crust, it will consume the wild grass and lofty trees, leaving nothing to decay. But I am not worried; I am glad. I shall laugh aloud and sing." (Wild Grass 1974) However, he is motivated to write in the hopes of enlightening his people, for humanity, and for the need to better it. It appeared from his writing that his aim is to expose the disease, or the unfortunates of the society, and draw attention to it so as it can be cured or corrected. Also evident is the mixing of literal and figurative truth; fantasy and reality; animate and inanimate objects. In effect the poems i n "Wild Grass" are a product of supernatural events and the dream, or the intentional framing of a piece of account as a dream, is strongly associated with the world of the individual subconscious. It is a place of strong emotional intensity inspiring of otherwise subdued or surrealist image and desires. This is depicted in the line, "If you sleep to a time when you lose track of time, your shadow may come and take his leave with these words: There is something I dislike in heave; I do not want to go there." (Wild Grass 1974) The effect is one of underscoring the inconsistency between the inner world and outer world, and of highlighting the complications of individual psychology. In several of these short passages, the dream now becomes a model of art, rearranging personal experiences into symbolic structures, aiming not as visualization of actual events, but rather an

Nuclear Weapon?s Future Essay -- essays research papers fc

For almost a half a century, the United States and the U.S.S.R. fought a nuclear arms war, the â€Å"Cold War.† The â€Å"Cold War† officially ended August 19, 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. Ironically, the war ended without a battle or a shot fired. In fact, nuclear weapons have only been used once. In the Second World War, the United States dropped two nuclear bombs, one on Hiroshima, the other on Nagasaki. So, what is the future of the Nuclear Weapons Policy, housed in the United States? For now, the future seems to lie in reduction and deterrence. In 1991, the United States and Russia signed the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I). According to the treaty, the United States and Russia reduce the number of strategic nuclear warheads deployed by the two countries from 13,000 and 11,000, respectively, to around 8,000 each. The Second treaty (START II), signed in 1993 and ratified in 1996 by the United States says that each nation would further condense their number of deployed warheads to between 3,000 and 4,500, which brings the total to approximately 10,000 nuclear weapons for each side, by the projected 2003 date. START III, which would reduce the level of warheads to 2,000-2,500, cannot be discussed until START II Russia ratifies START II. In addition, nuclear testing ended for both sides and the production of weapon-grade fissile material has stopped. The nuclear treaties leave enough nuclear capability, in both the United States and Russia, to damage an attacking nation. In fact, without Russia and the United St ates nuclear arsenal, there are a little over a thousand weapons divided among the rest of the world, as reported by the Center for Defense Information, as long as all the countries in the world approve Test Ban Treaty. In addition, defense experts believe it would require only a little over a thousand nuclear missiles to fen off an attack. Therefore, neither country needs to fear that they will not have the strength to retaliate. Actually, the United States and its NATO allies retain their Cold War â€Å"weapons of last resort’ doctrine that allows the first use of nuclear weapons if deemed necessary to cope with non-nuclear attacks, and Russia has announced that she will abandon the USSR’s no-first-use pledge for a position similar to NATO’s. ‘â€Å"The US and Russia have 5,000 to 6,000 nuclear missiles ready to launch on 15 minutes notice,’... ...ssile could fight the war and maybe only a few hundred thousand will perish, instead of a million. However, the future seems to pull toward reduction and deterrence. Works Cited Landy, Jonathan S. US Downsizes its Nuclear-Weapons Ambitions (December 24, 1997). The Christian Science Monitor. 14 November 1999. . Nuclear Facts ‘n’ Figures. Center for Defense Information. 14 November 1999. . Summary of the Center for the Security Policy’s High Level Round Table Discussion on the Future of the U.S. Nuclear Deterrence, 15 July 1997, the Ana Hotel, Washington D.C. The Center for Security Policy. 13 November 1999. . The Future of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy: Executive Summary. Academy of Sciences. 12 November 1999. . Newman, Richard J. A U.S. Victory, at a Cost of $5.5 Trillion: The Nuclear-Arms Race Gets a Price Tag (7/13/98). U.S. News & World Report. 1999 Nov 18. .

A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum Essay

Throughout this play we follow along with a group of people from Roman times. Its the culmination of a bunch of events happening on just one street with three houses shown. the play’s primary objective is that of a comedy, therefore to tell the story with true hilarity. Many of the characters in this play had objectives. Pseudolus is a Slave and his main objective was to obtain freedom. Hero has an objective of getting the love of his life, a beautiful courtesan from next door. Philia is the courtesan that Hero has his heart set out for. Miles Gloriosus is a decorated captain and is looking for a virgin to lay. Tactics are used throughout by all characters in order to try and get what they want. Pseudolus tries in the beginning to gain his freedom through purchase from his masters so he heads out and tricks citizens into gambling with him and gets money, but then gets caught cheating and has to return the money to the guy who he had dooped. Hero’s tactic to get to his objective had him offer Pseudolus his freedom in return for getting him the love of his life. Pseudolus’ tactic was to accept the offer given to him by Hero. There were many actions throughout the play for each character to try and achieve their objective. In â€Å"A Funny thing Happened On The Way To The Forum† behavior set the tone for the entire play. Whether it was just to make a laugh or to advance the story forward. For example how each character carried themselves helped with the story plot and how you perceive the role and place of each character. It showed through Domina throughout the play. She spoke loud and condescendingly throughout the play to show that she was an old, heartless, bitch that was disliked by all. Hysterium’s behavior was that of being insecure and a frantic mess who tried to please everyone. It was shown through his singing, shaking when talked to, and playing along with Pseudolus, even though through blackmail. What i liked best in this play was that it was a comedy. Personally i like to laugh, i feel like that is the best. The physical humor was a little  overdone but you always get a laugh from weeing peple throw themselves to the floor. It was enjoyable as well during the courtesan scene with presenting the people of the Lycus dwelling. What i did not appreciate in this play was the musical numbers. i have never been much of a fan of seeing actors sing and singing along with the orchestra kinda music was never for me. The other elements of the stage had a good amount to do with the story telling. They worked hard on a set that gave a small effort to make you feel that you were in the time. Was very well lit the entire time and lighting not once changed even though they tried with the change of coloring to the light with not much avail. Props looked cheap and unreal such as the ladder taped up with sports tape, and an awful table that was used during the courtesan presentation and hysteriums’ funeral. They tried so that was okay. The music was light and funny except when Gloriosus was around. I got what they were going for with costumes it was a good effort to fit the time period when they wanted to and dress up people funny for comedies sake.

Understanding Different Approaches Of Health Education

Understanding Different approaches of Health education In this report I am going to explain three different Approaches that can be used to promote Health Education these three approaches are The role of Mass media, Social marketing and The Community development approach I am also going to explain information about what the approaches are and what the benefits and limitations of each approach is. Mass Media What is Mass media? The first approach I am writing about is how the role of mass media can be used in health education. Mass media is any communication form which can reach a ‘mass’ of audience. Mass media is one of the most common ways to promote health education if successful mass media can be very powerful and captivate the audience. Mass media can be shown in any form of the media such as the radio, television, magazines, and billboards. Pre-planned campaigns and advertising are the most popular forms of Mass media in Health Education. The role of mass media has many advantages such as targeting large groups of target audiences; the target audiences are a group of people who process similar attitudes and beliefs. If the health education campaign relates to a large audience this would mean the message broadcasted will have a larger impact therefore making the advert more effective and this can raise awareness. If the message appeals to a large target audience the public knowledge of the health issue can be increased very quickly, this leads to a more raisedShow MoreRelatedTeaching Health Care Students About Disability Within A Cultural Competency Context1166 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferently, even in health care settings, than people without disabilities. These differences come in several forms, including communication, coverage, and quality of care. It is important to instill positive, equal ways to interact with disabled patients early in health care students. Educators in various health care disciplines are advocating for a curricula to better serve disabled patients because currently there are major disconnects between the disabled patients and the health care providers.Read MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1055 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoring of environmental hazards (website two, 2007).† Both approaches have its own merits that set it apart from the other and similaritiesRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1049 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disord ers and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoring of environmental hazards (website two, 2007).† Both approaches have its own merits that set it apart from the other and similaritiesRead MoreVark929 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Centered Health Promotion July 5th, 2015 Analysis of Learning Styles Learning styles of individual students vary and as a consequence, learning needs also change from each student to the next (Liew, Sidhu, Barua, 2015). 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What Are The Types Of Marketing Or Business Research...

The two main types of marketing or business research are qualitative and quantitative research, these research methods vary based on the information gathered and how it ends up being gathered by researchers. Qualitative research is gathered using focus groups, in-depth interviews, as well as reviews of documents searching for themes and commonalities. The method for developing theory and hypothesis is based on inductive reasoning or logic after analyzing the information collected. The problems described are done from a subjective standpoint which is talking about problems from a point of view from a specific aspect of the company, narrowed down to a problem from one department to another’s concerns. The information gathered is on less of an amount of situations but the data collected is much more in depth. Quantitative research utilized the likes of surveys, structured interviews and observations, reviews of records and documents for measurement analysis of the subject matter. Testing is done in controlled situations for previously deciphered concepts and hypotheses that help to build a specific theory. The research conducted for quantitative methods is much more objective, it’s a larger opinion and the information is concentrated on much more broad terms and information to let the reader form their own opinions based on facts presented. Qualitative research can have a better effect on helping managers or organizations make a decision about a problem if the focus of theShow MoreRelated Marketing Research Tools Essay example1410 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Research Tools Before launching or expanding a business venture, there needs to be an understanding of the industry, its competitors, and its customers. Market research is vital in assisting companies in the decision-making process and their marketing direction. Data from marketing research is important because it provides companies with ways to identify opportunities, identify market potential, minimize chances of loss, devise effective marketing strategies, gauge customer satisfactionRead MoreQualitative and Quantitative Approaches1126 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches RES/351 June 17, 2014 University of Phoenix Professor Pamela Campbell Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Business researchers utilize various forms of approaches to analyze and obtain information and data, and two of the most popular approaches used are the qualitative research approach and quantitative research approach. Each approach can be beneficial or in some cases may cause inconclusiveRead MoreEssay on Marketing Research: Primary vs. Secondary Research1195 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Research: Primary vs. Secondary Research â€Å"Primary data are gathered specifically for the research project at hand. 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Justice Explored in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

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Muar 211 Study Guide Free Essays

string(21) " a series of chords\." MUMedieval Period * Hildegard von Bingen: Columba aspexit * Genre = plainchant * Text = sacred, Latin * Texture: monophonic throughout * Performance practice: responsorially, that is, the performance alternates between a single singer (soloist) and the larger choir, which â€Å"responds† * The piece becomes more melismatic as it continues. * Ensemble: female vocal soloist, female vocal choir, droning instrument that plays out one note (the final) * Guillaume da Machaut: Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient * Genre = chanson (general term for French secular song) * Text = vernacular (language French), secular Texture = non-imitative polyphony (four voices with four independent melodies that never repeat the music of another voice part) Ensemble: a cappella Renaissance Period * Guillaume Dufay: Ave maris stella * Fauxbordon style: a form of harmonization in three parts in which the second line follows the top line a perfect fourth below. The voices are often â€Å"moving in parallel thirds,† a relatively new sound and texture at the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Muar 211 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Based in the Dorian mode Homophonic/homophonic texture (multiple parts that move mostly in homorhytm, therefore creating a succession of chords) * The top line is an elaborated form of a Gregorian chant melody ie the top line is a cantus firmus. Latin * Genre: Hymn (harmonized hymn) b/c it is sacred and the same music is repeated over and over for changing verses of that sacred text * Josquin Desprez: Kyrie from Pange lingua Mass * Genre: Kyrie from a late Renaissance Mass * Texture: 4 part polyphony; imitative polyphony * Ensemble: a cappella; 4 part choir; SATB Text: Ancient, sacred Greek prayer (only part of Mass in Greek); First part of Mass Ordinary Baroque Period * Henry Purcell: â€Å"Thy hand Belinda† from Dido and Aeneas, Act III final scene. * Libretto is an abbreviated English-language adaptation (by librettist Nahum Tate) of an episode from the Aeneid, the Latin epic written by Virgil in the 1st century BC (between 29 and 19 BC) that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the mythical ancestor of the Romans. Aeneas and his men are shipwrecked at Carthage on the northern shore of Africa. Dido, the Queen of Carthage, and Aeneas fall in love, but Aeneas cannot forget that the gods have commanded him to continue his journey until he reaches Italy (where it has been foretold that he will found a great empire, Rome). A much as he hates to hurt his love, the Queen Dido, he knows that he must leave and continue his quest. He leaves, as heroes must. * In her grief, Dido decides she cannot live with her grief and slashes her wrists. She then sings the moving recitative â€Å"Thy hand, Belinda,† and the aria that follows (a Lament aria), which is the culminating point in the opera, followed by a final chorus * Homophonic Antonio Vivaldi: Violin Concerto in G, La stravanganza, op. 4 no. 2, first and second movements http://youtu. be/WftbiFpZszU * First movement: Spirito e non presto (spirited but not presto) The first movement of this work is a RITORNELLO FORM: the music played by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the movement. Th is ritornello is alternated with the SOLOS, played by the featured violin soloist. * Second movement: Largo (slowly) This movement is a THEME VARIATIONS FORM, which means that the melody (theme) heard at the beginning is followed by alternative versions of that same melody. Johann Sebastian Bach * Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, first movement http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=49IOKnhX0Skfeature=youtu. be * Genre =concerto grosso, since the work requires three soloists – the flute, violin harpsichord – plus the orchestral accompaniment * First movement: Allegro. Form of 1st movement = ritornello form (the music played by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the movement) * Polyphony and homophony at the same time * Imitation in the soloists Fugue 1 in C Major from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=RLZd_36puXAFugue begins at 2:09 * Is a collection of solo keyboard music. He first gave the title to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys * Fugue (second half) of this work is part of the required l istening for Exam #1. A fugue needs to be able to play more than one note at a time * Imitative polyphony (also called imitative counterpoint) in the work. There is no accompaniment Cantata No. 4, Christ lag in Todesbanden, nos. 4, 5 8 http://youtu. be/aVaV0spMDVg * Bach based this cantata on the words and music of a chorale composed by Martin Luther in 1524. Luther’s chorale melody was based on an Easter hymn from the 12th century. Bach used the melody of Luther’s chorale in every movement of his cantata as a cantus firmus. Text is proper, for certain times of the year * Sacred Cantata * 0:00-1:55 4th movement: tenor aria, â€Å"Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn . . . Note the texture of this movement: the tenor voice and the busy ‘obbligato’ violin part both move rather independently over the accompaniment provided by the basso continuo. Therefore, the movement is basically homophonic, because it has an accompaniment, despite the fact that there are multiple ‘upper parts’ (the tenor voice and violin). The texture of High Baroque music (1700-1750) can often be complicated in this manner—a comb ination of both polyphony (in the upper parts) and homophony (because of the accompaniment). * 1:59-4:24 5th movement: SATB quartet w/ continuo, â€Å"Es war ein wunderlicher Krieg. The texture of this movement is much more polyphonic than the first, and the four vocal parts (soprano, also, tenor and bass) ‘imitate’ each other contrapuntally; in other words, the texture of this movement is ‘imitative polyphony. ’ Note also that the instrumental parts ‘move parallel to the voice parts’ (meaning that the instrumental parts play the exact same thing the three vocal soloists are singing); therefore the instruments take part in the polyphony * 7:04-8:23 8th movement: chorale with orchestra, â€Å"Wir essen und leben wohl . . † This final movement is set very simply, in a purely homophonic texture. All of the voice parts move in homorhythm—i. e. , they all move to the same rhythm nearly all of the time. However, they are not singing the same part, but are singing different pitches at the same time, thereby creating a series of chords. You read "Muar 211 Study Guide" in category "Essay examples" The continuo players (the instrumental accompaniment) follow along with the voices, adding there timbres to the overall sound. * Bach’s sacred cantatas often end with a homophonic presentation of the chorale melody: i. e. in a presentation of a harmonized chorale. The final movement is set in this simple style so that the congregation could participate in singing the final movement. All of the earlier movements are much more complicated, and would have been performed by professional singers employed by the church. * Note regarding this work on Exam #1: You need to be able to identify the texture and subgenre (aria, SATN quartet, and chorus) of each movement George Frideric Handel * La giustizia† from Julius Caesar â€Å"There were Shepherds† and â€Å"Glory to God† from Messiah * http://youtu. be/SZN6VmKBxPQ * 0:00 – 0:10 secco (‘dry’) recitative; the continuo accompaniment here is very sparse and sometimes completely absent. * 0:10 – 0:29 accompanied recitative (entire orchestra accompanies) * 0:30 – 1:32 secco recitative again (continuo only again; cello and harpsichord) * 1:13 – 1:32 accompanied recitative (entire orchestra); note that this portion goes straight into the following choral number. * 1:33 – 3:23 â€Å"Glory to God† chorus TERM LIST Medieval Period: 450-1450 Sacred Culture: anything intended to serve as part of worship. Earliest musical manuscripts contain sacred music exclusively because only members of the church was literate, peasants couldn’t write down secular music * Secular Culture: everything else (ie not serving as a part of worshi p, including art for entertainment only) * Liturgy (as in Roman Catholic liturgy): the system of prayers and worship of a particular religion, dictates how to worship, when to worship, what songs to sing and when. Considered a higher authority * Plainchant / chant / Gregorian Chant: Text: Latin (language) and SACRED (function) * Nonmetrical (ie rhythmically free, no discernible beat or meter) * Based on church modes of the Medieval Musical/Theoretical System * Usually performed with a MONOPHIC TEXTURE (texture: how many parts and what is their relationship), although other practices are possible * Usually performed A CAPPELLA (type of ensemble) * Metrical (has a discernable beat) /Nonmetrical (has no discernible beat or meter) * Divine Office Mass: relatively private worship service in convents and monasteries * Mass: large worship service for all Proper of Mass (or Mass Proper): of material into those parts of the text that always remain the same * Ordinary of Mass (Mass Ordinary) material that change according to the particular day in the liturgical year. * Kyrie (a simple prayer), Gloria (a long hymn, beginning), Credo (A recital of the Christian’s list of beliefs, beginning), Sanctu s (another, shorter hymn), Agnus dei (Another simple prayer) * Church modes (Medieval Modes): the basis of the harmonic system. A collection of pitches that are organized within a piece of music to emphasize one particular pitch, called the final. These pitches also represent a collection of specific intervals * Responsorial Performance: a manner of performing chant in which a solo singer or leader performed verses of the text and the entire congregation answered each verse with the following verse or with a response or refrain. Common responses were amen and hallelujah, but others were more expansiveu * Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179): was well known in her day and her musical works poetry and other writings were widely copied and disseminated. Visionary, mystic, and prolific writer. CONVENT ABBESS: founded her own convent in Rupertsburg (eastern Germany). Her visions and prophecies made her famous throughout Europe, also known for her writings on science and music, very well educated and powerful woman in her time * Drone: a single two note chord running continuously. Found in Hildegard von Bingen’s Columba Aspexit * Also in the 12th C * Earliest manuscripts of secular music: musical settings of original poetry written by learned men and women (courtiers, monks, nuns, priests) for entertainment in royal courts. Composers were known as troubadours, trouveres, or minnesangers. These secular songs were notated monophonically, but were probably performed with improvised instrumental accompaniment. The poetry of these songs is most often in the vernacular language of the court. Songs dealt with courtly love/chivalry, as well as war and some deal with topics of sexual love * Earliest manuscripts of instrumental music: nearly are all courtly dances such as the Estampie or Salterello, notation suggests a regular rhythmic organization: metric or metered. These manuscripts were created by literate musicians, although dance music was often performed by jongleurs * Earliest manuscripts of polyphonic music: organum the earliest genre of medieval polyphony music (the simultaneous combination of two or more melodies) * Organum: the earliest genre of medieval polyphony music (the simultaneous combination of two or more melodies) * Troubadour (south of France)/trouvere (in the north)/Minnesanger (Germany): noble poet composers of court songs who also performed the songs themselves. Among them were kings, prices, and even kings. Troubadour society (but not trouvere) allowed for women composers and performers. Literate classes of people (typically are courtiers). Not for public * Jongleur: popular musicians – Some noble songwriters only penned the words, leaving music to be composed by jongleurs. Popular musicians at the time, the music is relatively simple. Jongleurs played instruments while trouveres sang. Musicians of common status, typically illiterate, who traveled played a memorized repertory, improvising, getting paid when possible, occasionally organizing into guilds * Courtier: someone at a royal count, music for elite class * Chanson: French for song, a genre of French secular vocal music * Cantus Firmus: the way to create new sacred music, in the medieval era, a cantus firmus was a pre-existing plainchant melody (therefore a sacred melody setting a sacred text) that has been recycled into a new composition ie a cantus firmus is chant melody that serves the basis for new musical creation * Notre Dame School: school of polyphonic music, not actual school setting, but they did influence one another. Group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris in late 12th and 13th centuries. * Ars antiqua/ars nova: contemporary terms for the â€Å"old technique† of the 13th century organum and the new polyphonic music of the 14th C. * Guillaume da Machaut (c. 13 00 – 1377): was cleric and courtier, a widely celebrated poet and musician. Active at a variety of courts, including the Court of Charles, Duke of Normandy, who later became king of France. Widely known as the greatest musician of his time; renowned ever long after his death – the foremost composer of the ars nova style: the new style of complicated polyphonic music in the late 14th C. This term was used to contrast the new music with the older Notre Dame polyphonic music of the 13th C. known as the ars antiqua * Notre Dame Mass (significance): composed the earliest extant complete setting of the mass ordinary. The five individual parts are based on some of the same borrowed and original musical material so they are musically liked to one another. Earlier complete settings were no doubt created as well, but this is the oldest to survive intact, due to its popularity and wide dissemination Renaissance Period: 1450-1600 Humanism: an intellectual movement and ethical system centered on humans and their values, needs, interests, abilities, dignity, and freedom, emphasizing secular culture in a rejection of the sacred * Moveable type printing press c. 1450: music prin ting soon followed, greatly expanded affordable access to vocal and instrumental music of all genres, both sacred and secular Lutheran Reformation early 16th C: Martin Luther. The separation of protestant Christian sects from the Roman Catholic Church leads to a great diversity in post 1500 sacred music (not all sacred music is Latin) * Counter Reformation, late 16th C. : The Roman Catholic Church responded to the revolt led by Martin Luther by reforming church practices in the spirit of â€Å"true Christian piety. This was the RCC’s attempt to regain the loyalty of its people, as well as regain the loss of power and wealth that had resulted from the â€Å"split† of the church (MUSIC REFORM) * Council of Trent (musical significance): issued general recommendations in favor a pure vocal style that would respect the integrity of the sacred text. (The composer considered to best uphold the reformed ideal of church music was Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina) Fascination with and study of Greek and Roman antiquity: once the concern of medieval theologians and scholars only—becomes more common among the ever-larger literate classes; the architecture, visual arts, poetry, and music of the renaissance demonstrates this influence. Word Painting: the music itself is composed in such a manner that the sound of the music reflects the meaning of the text (words such as fly and glitter were set to rapid notes, up and heaven to even higher ones) * Point of Imitation: a brief passage of imitative polyphony usually using a single musical motive (based on a single theme, or on two used together (used by Josquin Desprez) * Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400-1474): Born and received early musical training in northern France. However, he spent more than 25 years in Italy, as a musician and composer at the courts of various powerful families, or in major cathedrals, including the Papal Chapel in Rome. Dufay composed music in all the sacred and secular genres common to his day— masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, and chants in fauxbordon style (see below), as well as secular songs of all types—using a rich musical language that combined techniques of earlier masters (the Ars Nova) with the new techniques, textures and textual sensitivity of the emerging Renaissance aesthetics. Fauxbourdon passage in Dufay’s harmonized hymn, Ave maris stella * Harmonized hymn: it has a sacred text, and (2) the same music is repeated over and over for changing verses of that sacred text. Works intended for congregational singing often use this simply form. * Josquin des Prez (1440 – 1521) Born and received early musical training in northern France, moved to Italy where he served in several courts. He composed both sacred and secular music, setting both sacred texts and contemporary poetry. Achieve international fame; known to Martin Luther as the greatest living composer. Returned to northern France in his late life * Claudio Monteverdi (1567 – 1643): the most important musician in the late 16th and early 17th century Italy. Wrote nine books of madrigals, composed operas. Composed high Renaissance and early Baroque music, was a transitional composer who bridged between these two musical style periods writing in and epitomizing the styles and genres of both periods. * Madrigal: a polyphonic secular vocal genre of the Renaissance, a short composition set to a one stanza poem – typically a love poem, with rapid turnover of ideas and images). The most important secular vocal genre of the late renaissance and early baroque. Madrigals were settings of secular poetry on a variety of topics in the vernacular language (originally Italian). Were a genre of â€Å"high art† meaning it was intended for the entertainment of royalty, commoners would rarely be exposed to such music * Giovanni Palestrina (1525 – 1594): worked as an organist and choirmaster at various churches including St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, Pope Julius II appointed him to the Sistine Chapel Choir, wrote over 100 settings of he Roman Catholic Mass, Palestrina’s music was known to later generations, most importantly Bach who considered it the epitome of sacred music in the â€Å"old style,† was considered the best composer to uphold the reformed ideal of church music Baroque Period: 1600-1750 Monody: literally ‘one song’ characterized by a solo vocal melody with instrumental accompaniment * basso continuo / continuo / figured bass : one, two or more instruments that provide an accompaniment for one or more vocal or instrumental soloists, reading from a musical part that is called the figured bass, because it is notated as a single line of music (the base line) over which numbers (the figures) indicate the other notes to be played on. At least one of the basso continuo instruments plays the bass line as written by the composer, while the other (or others) improvises chords on that bass line * In the Baroque and early Classical periods, the keyboard instrument in the basso continuo was almost always the harpsichord * ‘continuo group’: the instrumentation of the basso continuo (also called the continuo r the continuo group) was never specified in the music. Musicians and composers of the period were very practical with regard to performance practices. Therefore, their music was designed to accommodate a wide variety of performance situations * to ‘realize a figured bass’ * improvisation * Ornamentation: the practice (both vocal and instrumental) of spontaneously adding (improvising) short decorative flourishes to the written music during performances). These additional notes are generally called ornaments or embellishments * Score (as in musical score): a piece of music that shows all of th e parts in a given piece, all together on each page: also called a full score. Some small ensemble music commonly appears in such a format, but it is not practical for larger ensembles. Full scores of large ensemble works are generally used only by conductors and for study * Part (as in printed musical part): a piece of music that shows only one portion of the overall performing ensemble, usually just the music of a single instrument or vocalist * Opera (time place of its invention): Opera was originally created in the wealthy Italian courts of Florence in approximately 1600 by a group of intellectuals; poets and musicians who were attempting to recreate the ancient Greek dramas, which they determined had been sung in a very declamatory (i. e. , speech-like) style. * Two types/subgenres of song in opera: Recitative: a song that imitates and rhythms and pitch patterns of natural speech; usually carries the action and dialogue of an opera; used to forward the action of drama. Not very lyrical and melodious; sounds more like speech or recitation. Good for expressing text, in which the meaning is important, usually does not have long melismas or repetitions of texts. Rhythmically free or nonmetrical. Usually accompanied by only one or two instruments, the basso continuo, which closely follows the singer * Aria: a song for solo voice, often with a larger ensemble playing the accompaniment. Strongly metrical (ie has a strong and recognizable beat). A melodious or lyrical song which expresses an outpouring of emotion, thereby developing the character of the person singing the aria; very lyrical often epeating fragments of the text and containing melismas that ‘show off’ the technical and expressive abilities of the star singers * Both recitatives and arias were also composed as ‘stand alone’ works: as works that were performed alone without being part of a larger work * Libretto / librettist: the libretto is story or text of an opera, written by the librettist almost never the composer himself, but rather someone with literary and poetic skills. Operas were intended as entertainment and use secular text in a vernacular language. The subject matter of librettos vary widely, the earliest operas drew their subject matter from the myths, dramas, and histories of ancient Greece and Rome. * Castrato: Male singer castrated before puberty in order to retain the pre-adolescent high vocal range. The most importan t category of vocal soloists in opera (and other vocal genres) during the baroque, although most of them were employed by Italian churches. Many leading operatic roles for men—whether hero or romantic lead—were written for castrati. Castrati also commonly performed women’s roles. The â€Å"rock stars† of their day, the most successful castrati enjoyed great popularity and financial reward. We know many of their names, careers, and personal exploits today. Today, the operatic roles and other vocal parts originally composed for castrati are sung by (1) women or (2) countertenors or falsettists (male sopranos). * Overture (as in opera): the instrumental piece (for the orchestra alone) that introduces an opera. It is the first thing you hear at the beginning of the opera, often before the main opera characters come on stage. Overtures often contain musical themes from the vocal pieces to follow, sort of ‘foreshadowing’ the action of the opera * Traits of the baroque orchestra: During the Baroque Era that our modern conception of the orchestra, as a group centered around a group of bowed strings, was first developed. However, baroque orchestras were much smaller than the orchestras used in later art music, usually included only 10 to 25 people, and often consisted of nothing but bowed strings and perhaps a harpsichord or organ. Wind instruments (brass and woodwinds) could be used and often were, including a limited array of percussion, but the bowed strings were the CORE of the orchestra from its earliest inception. Henry Purcell (1659-1695): Often referred to as the first great English composer of international acclaim. Worked as a singer, organist and composer in the courts of Charles II (reigned 1660-85), James II (r. 1685-88), and William and Mary (r. 1689- 1702). Purcell’s instrum ental works rank among the finest musical achievements of the middle Baroque. * Lament / lament aria: A poem (or, when set to music, a song) expressing grief, regret or mourning. As a musical subcategory of recitative and aria, it was very popular in the 17th century and after. * Basso ostinato / ground bass: Baroque lament arias often feature a basso ostinato (also known as a ground bass), which is a bass theme that repeats over and over. The basso ostinatos or ground basses of lament arias typically consists of a descending, chromatic figure (often descending from tonic to dominant in the key of the piece) in a slow triple meter. * Recorder: * Harpsichord * Lute (archlute) * Organ viol (viola da gamba) * MULTI-MOVEMENT WORK: a musical work under one title that is actually several separate musical pieces that are always played together in the same order. Each of the individual pieces that comprise a multi-movement genre is called a MOVEMENT. It is typical that the various movements of a multi-movement instrumental work all employ the same ensemble, although there are some exceptions. On the other hand, large-scale vocal/instrumental genres (such as operas, cantatas and oratorios) often contain movements that contrast with regard to the ensemble used. The individual movements with any multi-movement genre are designed both to complement and contrast with one another with regard to key, tempo, and musical material. * Sonata * Trio sonata: multi-movement genre for TWO instrumental soloists and basso continuo. Be careful about this one, because the ensemble can vary widely. Since the basso continuo part might be played by one, two or three people, the total ensemble of a trio sonata could include from 3 players (2 soloists + 1 continuo player) to 5 players (2 soloists + 3 continuo players) or even more. Solo concerto: multi-movement (usually three but not standardized in the baroque era) genre for a single instrumental soloist (of any type) and orchestra (including basso continuo) * Concerto grosso: multi-movement (usually three but could be more) genre for two or more instrumental soloists and orchestra (including the basso continuo). Many such works were written for two violinists and basso continuo (the solo group) accompanied by a larger group (the orchestra, which usually also consisted of strings only). Part of the interest in such works is the exciting contrast of the smaller solo group with the larger orchestra. During the Baroque Era, concerto grosso (concerto grossi is the Italian plural) were NEVER titled Concerto Grosso. They were usually titled simply ‘concerto,’ and are therefore difficult to differentiate from a solo concerto by title alone. * Suite / dance suite / baroque dance suite: a multi-movement genre for orchestra without any particular featured soloists. Usually each movement is named after and is an example of a particular dance type, although some movements might have other inspirations and be unrelated to dance. SUITE, by definition, means a multi-movement collection of dances. Dance suites could be used for dancing or simply as concert works for listening enjoyment. * Multi-movement instrumental work for orchestra alone (in baroque also w/ continuo group) * The number of movements was not very standardized during the Baroque period. Some examples of the genre have as many as nine (for instance, Handel’s Suite No. 2 in D major, popularly known as part of the Water Music). * The individual movements are often evocative of DANCE TYPES and have dance-related names (Minuet, Bourree, Gigue, Hornpipe, etc. ), although there are also other types of names as well (especially ‘Air,’ a title that implies a lyrical, slow piece with song-like qualities). * The prominence of this genre during the baroque period highlights the importance of dance during the period. * Fugue * An entire piece or distinct subsection of music that employs imitative polyphony in a strictly prescribed manner. A fugue can be a genre (if an entire piece or movement contains nothing but that fugue), but it is also possible for a subsection of a piece to be described as a ‘fugue’. * Fugues may be written for any instrument capable of polyphonic solo playing, or for any combination of voices or instruments, or instruments and voices together. * The first musical theme of a fugue is called the SUBJECT. After its first appearance in a single voice or part, you will then hear that same melody again and again in the other parts. Not really a genre because it doesn’t tell you the ensemble. * J. S. Bach’s music is generally regarded as one of the greatest artistic achievements of the Baroque Period. At the end of his life, however, his musical style was rather old fashioned, for the newer style of the early classic period was already being composed by a number of younger composers, including Bach’s own sons. These younger composers of the new classical style were not sympathetic to complex polyphony, preferring a more simple, homophonic texture. Ritornello form: the music played by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the movement. * Theme variations form: the melody (theme) heard at the beginning is followed by alternative versions of that same melody. * Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) * Must know J. S. Bach’s death date (1750) marks the end of the Baroque Period. German, Lutheran composer and one of the most influential figures in western music history. Born into a family of musicians. Eventually known as a virtuoso organist (expert of construction and maintance). * At age 23, J. S. Bach was appointed his first important position: court organist and chamber musician to the Duke of Weimar. He later worked for five years at the court of the Prince of Anhalt-Cothen, where he wrote some of his most famous instrumental works, including The Brandenburg Concertos. * J. S. Bach also composed his very famous suites (a multi-movement collection of dances) for unaccompanied violoncello (i. e. , cello) during his time working for the Prince of Anhalt-Cothen. * At age 38 J. S. Bach was appointed his most prestigious position when he became CANTOR (i. e. , the music director) at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig * Cantor: music director, head of choir * Sacred Cantata (as composed by J. S. Bach between 1700 and 1750) * A fairly large-scale, multi-movement vocal/instrumental genre, typically consisting of six to eight movements, used in the worship services of German Lutheran Churches. * Sacred cantatas are NOT a dramatic presentation like opera; a cantata (whether sacred or secular) features no plot, acting, costumes, stage movement, etc. ), although it is divided into choruses, arias, recitatives, duets, and instrumental pieces etc. just like an opera or oratorio. The ensemble of a sacred cantata consists of a smallish choir (12 or so), vocal soloists, an orchestra (10-20 or so) and an organ, although larger groups of singers and instrumentalists were used on special occasions (like major feast days in the liturgical calendar). * Texts are in the vernacular language (German) * Lutheran chorale * Hymn-like songs used for congregational singing in the Lutheran Church, composed in a rather simple, four-part (SATB) texture. It is a sacred genre that was (and is) sung during the worship service by the congregation along with the professional choir (the latter of whom would have performed the sacred cantata during the worship service). Many chorales date back to Martin Luther (1483-1546) himself, although new ones were continuously composed for centuries. * Chorales are STROPHIC: i. e. , each verse of text is sung to the same repeated music. * George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) * German-born composer who created numerous works in every genre of his day, including orchestral dance suites, organ concertos, and concerti grossi, but he is most remembered for his 39 Italian-style operas and his oratorios for English audiences. * Unlike most professional musicians of his day, Handel was not from a musical family, but he studied with a local organist and composer from a young age. At 18 he worked as a violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of an opera house in Hamburg; at 20 he produced his first successful opera. * At 21 he went to Italy, where he further studied the Italian opera style; he also composed and successfully produced operas in Italy. * In 1710 Handel took a well-paid position as music director for Elector Georg Ludwig of Hanover, who became Handel’s patron. A friend of the arts, this patron allowed Handel to travel extensively and promote his music on the international stage. * Handel made several trips to London to produce his operas, and he eventually moved there in 1712 and remained in England for the rest of his life. * Handel became London’s most important composer and a favorite of Queen Anne. * Oratorio: Much like n opera, a large-scale music drama for vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra; oratorios are multi-movement works that contain arias, recitatives, duets, trios, choral numbers, and interludes for orchestra alone. * Usually based on a narrative libretto with plots and characters (one of whom is usually a narrator); however, unlike an opera there is no acting, scenery, or costumes. * Handel’s oratorios are usually based on stories from the Old Testament: for example Handel’s oratorios Israel in Egypt and Joshua. * Secular genre composed and performed for entertainment purposes; usually performed in an opera theater or other large, secular, public venue. * Da capo aria form: a specific type of ternary form (A—B—A). Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741): The â€Å"Red Priest† Famous and influential as a virtuoso violinist and composer. Born in Venice, Italy, the son of a violinist employed at St. Mark’s Cathedral. Known as the â€Å"Re d Priest† because he was indeed a priest and had rather wild red hair. Worked as a violin teacher, composer, and conductor at the Music School of the Pieta, orphanage for girls. The orchestra and chorus at this school was one of the finest in Italy, and much of Vivaldi’s music was composed for them to perform. Although he composed operas and church music, he is best known for his 450 or so concertos (both solo concertos and concertos grosso; see following notes). General Terminology Concepts Genre: a specific category of musical composition as defined by its musical characteristics or traits; for instance a Gregorian chant, a string quartet, an art song * Ensemble/medium: the instruments, voices, or anything else that makes sound and takes part in music making. A. k. a. instrumentation (but don’t forget about the voices). Some particular types of ensembles became standardized within a given genre culture and become associated with more or less specific social settings, functions, or musical styles * Range of Human Voices (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Base) * SATB choir: defining the voices required by a chorus or choir to perform a particular musical work. Pieces written for SATB, the commonest combination and that used by most Hymn tunes, can be sung by choruses of mixed genders, by choirs of men and boys, or by four soloists. A cappella: (Italian for â€Å"in the manner of the church† or â€Å"in the manner of the chapel†) mu sic is specifically solo or group singing without instrumental sound * Monophony/monophonic texture: a musical texture involving a single melodic line, as in Gregorian chant, as opposed to polyphony * Polyphony/polyphonic texture: musical texture in which two or more melodic lines are played or sung simultaneously * Imitative polyphony: (continuous imitation) brief usually fragments of melody (motives) are passed from voice to voice (or instrument to instrument) within the performing group, so that these motives are heard again and again within close proximity of each other making the music easier to comprehend and follow * Non-imitative polyphony: four voices with four independent melodies that never repeat the music of another voice part. Non-imitative polyphony is the ideal and most common texture in Medieval polyphonic music * Homophony/homophonic texture: music that is harmonic, chordal texture, a musical texture that involves only one melody of real interest combined with chords or other subsidiary sounds * Melody + accompaniment * Homorhythm/homo rhythmic texture: a musical texture in which all of the parts move together rhythmically. Renaissance music often alternates between polyphonic passages (in which all of the parts are independent) and homorhythmic passages (in which all of the parts move together) * Two types of text setting * Syllabic: each syllable of text is set to only one pitch (syllable by syllable) * Melismatic: text setting that contains melismas; a melisma is a single syllable of text that is set to large groups of pitches * Pitch: a sound producing vibration that oscillates at a definite and prescribed rate of speed. Are named using the first seven letters of the alphabet (A B C D E F G) * Equal Temperament * The man made division of the octave into 12 equal intervals (measured in ? steps) * The man made division of the octave in 12 half steps (12 half steps per octave) * Equal temperament tuning Accidentals: a note whose pitch is not a member of a scale or mode indicated by the most recently applied key signature. In musical notation, the symbols used to mark such notes, sharps (? ), flats (? ), and naturals (? ), may also be called accidentals. An accidental sign raises or lowers the following note from its normal pitch, * Sharp, raises half step ? * Flat, lowers half step ? * Natural, cancels sharp and flat ? * Metrical (has a discernable beat) /Nonmetrical (has no discernible beat or meter) * Tempo: refers to the relative speed of the beat in music * Presto: very fast * Allegro: fast * Moderato: at a moderate rate * Adagio/adante: slow * Dynamics: refers to the relative loudness or softness of the music. * Forte = f = play loudly Mezzo forte = mf = somewhat loudly (less loud than f) * Mezzo piano = mp = somewhat softly (less loud than mf) * Piano = p = play softly * Crescendo = = to become gradually louder * Descrescendo = = to become gradually softer Recap of Genres Studied * Chanson: French Secular Song * chorale (Lutheran chorale): * concerto grosso * fugue * hymn / harmonized hymn * madrigal * Mass * motet * opera * oratorio * organum * plainchant / chant / Gregorian Chant * sacred cantata * solo concerto * sonata (solo sonata) * suite / dance suite / baroque dance suite * trio sonata Sinfonia: in the 18th Century sinfonia and overture were used interchangeably. Later on the symphony was a genre was created How to cite Muar 211 Study Guide, Essay examples